On 26 November 2025, Guinea‑Bissau experienced a sudden and dramatic political upheaval when army officers declared they had seized “total control” of the nation, deposed President Umaro Sissoco Embaló, suspended the electoral process, and imposed a nationwide curfew. The coup has sparked fears of instability, civil unrest, and a potential humanitarian crisis in one of West Africa’s most fragile states.

This article examines the events surrounding the coup, the political and historical context of Guinea‑Bissau, the regional and international implications, and what it means for citizens, democracy, and governance. We also address frequently asked questions and provide a comprehensive analysis of potential future scenarios. Below is a comprehensive article exploring what happened — and what this could mean for Guinea‑Bissau and the region.

Guinea‑Bissau Army Officers Say They Have Seized Power; President Deposed

1. Timeline of Events: The Coup of 26 November 2025

The events began on Wednesday morning, 26 November, when gunfire erupted near key government buildings in the capital, Bissau. Reports indicated heavy fighting near the presidential palace, the headquarters of the electoral commission, and the Ministry of the Interior. Civilians fled in panic as the sounds of gunshots and explosions spread across the city.

Shortly afterward, military officers appeared on state television. Brigadier General Dinis N’Tchama (also known as Denis N’Canha), speaking as the spokesperson of the newly formed High Military Command for the Restoration of Order, announced that the military had assumed full control of Guinea‑Bissau. The president was deposed, all political institutions were suspended, and the electoral process halted indefinitely.

The military also implemented several immediate measures:

• Closure of all land, air, and sea borders

• Enforcement of an indefinite curfew

• Suspension of all media operations

• Arrest of key political and military figures, including top officials of the electoral commission

President Umaro Sissoco Embaló later confirmed in a phone call that he had been deposed. He was reportedly held at the General Staff headquarters, marking a dramatic turn in Guinea‑Bissau’s political landscape.

2. Context: Why the Coup Happened

2.1 Disputed Elections

The 2025 presidential and legislative elections were held on 23 November, just days before the military takeover. Both the incumbent President Embaló and opposition candidate Fernando Dias da Costa claimed victory, creating political uncertainty even before the official results were announced.

The main opposition party, PAIGC, was barred from contesting the presidential race, drawing widespread criticism from civil society, political analysts, and international observers. Tensions escalated, creating fertile ground for the military to intervene under the pretext of restoring order.

2.2 Guinea-Bissau’s History of Instability

Guinea-Bissau has a long history of coups and political turmoil. Since gaining independence from Portugal in 1974, the country has experienced at least nine coups or attempted coups. The frequent military interventions have eroded democratic institutions, weakened governance, and left the country vulnerable to internal and external pressures.

President Embaló himself had survived multiple coup attempts since assuming office in 2020. Critics argue that political repression, arbitrary arrests, and centralization of power fueled resentment within the military and opposition ranks.

2.3 Drug Trafficking and Foreign Influence

Guinea-Bissau has been labeled a “narco-state”, serving as a transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe and West Africa. The military justified its intervention by alleging plans by national politicians and foreign drug traffickers to manipulate election results and destabilize the country.

The country’s weak institutions and political fragility have allowed illicit networks to flourish, further undermining governance and increasing the risk of corruption and criminal influence over state affairs.

3. Key Facts About the Coup

4. Historical Background: Guinea-Bissau’s Cycle of Coups

Guinea-Bissau’s post-independence history has been marked by political instability:

• 1980 coup: Bloodless military takeover removed President Luís Cabral, installing João Bernardo Vieira.

• 1998–1999 civil war: Triggered by military rebellion against Vieira’s government, leading to his eventual exile.

• 2000s political assassinations and coups: The assassination of military leaders and political figures intensified instability.

• 2020–2023: Embaló survives multiple coup attempts, consolidates power, and faces allegations of political repression.

The recurrent military interventions demonstrate a pattern of fragile democratic institutions, weak rule of law, and dependence on military loyalty for governance stability.

5. Potential Consequences of the Coup

5.1 Political Uncertainty

With the suspension of the electoral process and other key institutions, Guinea-Bissau faces a governance vacuum. Political uncertainty may prolong military control, undermining civilian governance and weakening democratic practices.

5.2 Civil Liberties and Human Rights

The closure of media outlets, the imposition of a curfew, and arrests of political figures raise concerns about human rights abuses. Citizens may face restrictions on free speech, freedom of movement, and access to information.

5.3 Regional Implications

Guinea-Bissau is a member of ECOWAS, and regional bodies may respond with sanctions, diplomatic pressure, or mediation efforts. The coup could destabilize West Africa, affecting neighboring countries and regional security.

5.4 Economic and Social Risks

Political instability threatens economic growth, foreign investment, and social welfare. Guinea-Bissau’s reliance on agriculture, remittances, and foreign aid may be severely disrupted by the ongoing crisis.

5.5 Increased Criminal Activity

Military control and institutional weakness may embolden drug traffickers, human traffickers, and other criminal networks, further compromising national security and governance.

6. International and Regional Reactions

• ECOWAS: Expected to condemn the coup and call for the restoration of constitutional order.

• African Union: Likely to issue statements urging restraint and a return to democracy.

• Portugal and EU: May express concern due to historical ties and potential destabilization of the region.

• UN: Could call for monitoring, humanitarian support, and dialogue facilitation.

7. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Why did the army seize power in Guinea-Bissau now?

The army cited alleged plans by politicians and drug networks to manipulate election outcomes and destabilize the nation. They claimed intervention was necessary to restore order.

2. Who is leading the coup?

Brigadier General Dinis N’Tchama leads the newly formed High Military Command for the Restoration of Order.

3. What happened to President Embaló?

He was deposed and reportedly held at the General Staff headquarters.

4. Were other leaders arrested?

Yes, including top military officials, the interior minister, the electoral commission head, and opposition leaders.

5. What has the military done in terms of governance?

They suspended the electoral process, closed political institutions and media, shut borders, and imposed a curfew.

6. How common are coups in Guinea-Bissau?

Extremely common. Since 1974, the country has experienced at least nine coups or attempted coups.

7. What risks does the coup pose to the country?

Prolonged military rule, civil unrest, human rights abuses, economic instability, and increased criminal influence are major risks.

8. What to Watch Next

• Whether the military will restore civilian rule or maintain power indefinitely.

• International diplomatic responses and potential sanctions.

• Humanitarian and civil liberties situation.

• Regional stability and impact on West Africa.

• The influence of illicit networks during institutional weakness.

9. Lessons from History

The 2025 coup underscores persistent challenges in Guinea-Bissau:

• Weak institutions cannot withstand political crises.

• Military influence undermines democratic consolidation.

• External interference and illicit networks exacerbate instability.

• Elections and political legitimacy are critical for preventing unrest.

Learning from history, future efforts must focus on strengthening democratic institutions, transparent electoral processes, and civilian oversight of the military.

Conclusion

The Guinea-Bissau coup of 26 November 2025 highlights the fragile nature of democracy in the country and the deep-rooted role of military interventions in politics. With President Embaló deposed, institutions suspended, and civil liberties under threat, the nation faces significant uncertainty.

The international community, regional organizations, and citizens must remain vigilant and demand a return to constitutional governance. Political leaders, civil society, and ordinary citizens should engage in dialogue to ensure stability, peace, and accountability. Immediate action is needed to restore democracy, protect human rights, and secure the future of Guinea-Bissau.